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This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression 00:01:52 1 Regulated stages of gene expression 00:02:32 2 Modification of DNA 00:03:07 2.1 Structural 00:03:45 2.2 Chemical 00:05:07 3 Regulation of transcription 00:06:47 4 Regulation of transcription in cancer 00:07:58 5 Regulation of transcription in addiction 00:10:10 6 Post-transcriptional regulation 00:10:52 7 Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs 00:13:23 8 Regulation of translation 00:14:08 9 Examples of gene regulation 00:15:10 9.1 Developmental biology 00:16:33 10 Circuitry 00:16:42 10.1 Up-regulation and down-regulation 00:17:42 10.2 Inducible vs. repressible systems 00:19:00 10.3 Theoretical circuits 00:19:56 11 Study methods 00:22:22 12 See also 00:22:49 13 Notes and references 00:22:58 14 Bibliography 00:23:21 15 External links Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.9227933974327304 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network. Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. Although as early as 1951, Barbara McClintock showed interaction between two genetic loci, Activator (Ac) and Dissociator (Ds), in the color formation of maize seeds, the first discovery of a gene regulation system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved in lactose metabolism are expressed by E. coli only in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose. In multicellular organisms, gene regulation drives cellular differentiation and morphogenesis in the embryo, leading to the creation of different cell types that possess different gene expression profiles from the same genome sequence. Although this does not explain how gene regulation originated, evolutionary biologists include it as a partial explanation of how evolution actually works at a molecular level, and it is central to the science of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo"). The initiating event leading to a change in gene expression includes activation or deactivation of receptors.
